An article to understand the unmanned ice station observation system (unmanned ice station)

With the end of the last short-term ice station operation, on August 25th, the ninth Arctic Expedition (hereinafter referred to as “Jibei”) on the ice project organized by the Ministry of Natural Resources was successfully completed, which means that the Snow Dragon Boat will be officially completed. Turn the bow and start driving south from the ice zone. Zhu Jiangang, the leader of the expedition team, said: "The northernmost point of the 'Nine North' arrival is located at 84°48' north latitude. The ice operation on this trip has basically completed the pre-planned mission objectives."

Starting from the first short-term ice station on August 11, it lasted 15 days and spanned 5 latitudes. Nine North's short-term ice stations and one long-term ice station were operated. Wei Zexun, the chief scientist of the expedition team, told the Beijing Youth Daily reporter that although he will start to return after completing the ice station operation, there are still many other investigations in the return journey, and the tasks are heavy. In addition, during the 15 days of ice operation, the conventional cross-sectional survey was also staggered. “Under the harsh conditions of low temperature, strong ultraviolet light and strong wind, the team completed the sea ice physics and ice weather in the polar ice zone. , multiple operations in hydrology, optics, biology, and chemistry."

"Compared with the previous Arctic exams, there is not much difference in the disciplines and types involved in the 'Nine North' ice job." But Lei Ruibo, chief scientist assistant of the expedition team, concluded that a prominent feature of this ice job is The deployment of unattended observing systems has been strengthened, including 3 sets of automatic weather stations, 2 sets of unmanned ice stations, 3 ocean profile buoys, 24 sea ice material balance buoys, and 15 sets of sea ice drift buoys. “The number of unmanned observing systems deployed this time has been the highest in the Arctic scientific research, and most of them (about 80%) are independently developed or integrated by China.” Rayleigh said that these will be for studying the Arctic region. The interaction process between sea and ice and its impact on the Arctic ecosystem and the marine environment provide strong support.

It is worth mentioning that in the large number of self-developed systems, the unmanned ice station observing system successfully deployed for the first time is a well-deserved star product. According to Lei Ruibo, the system consists of four subsystems. Through continuous observation of the three levels of atmosphere, sea ice and seawater, the data of gas-sea-ice interaction in the process of ablation of sea ice growth can be obtained. It is important to study the mechanism of interaction between the three, and the data obtained can be used to optimize the parameterization scheme of the sea ice model."

Dispel doubt

What problems will be solved by self-developed unmanned ice stations?

On August 22nd, the deployment of the unmanned ice station observation system (unmanned ice station) was completed. Lei Ruibo, chief scientist assistant of the expedition team, told the reporters of Beiqing Daily that this is the second set of unmanned ice stations deployed during the “Nine-North” journey. “At present, both systems are operating normally, which means that China’s independent research and development The ice station was successfully deployed for the first time in the Arctic."

Four sets of subsystems form the "unmanned ice station"

“Unmanned ice station” refers to an observatory system that is unattended and can run on ice for a long time. The data collected by it is automatically transmitted back to China through satellite.

According to the reporter of Beiqing Daily, this observation system relies on the national key research and development plan, led by the China Polar Research Center under the Ministry of Natural Resources, the First Institute of Ocean Resources of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and China Ocean University. Participate in research and development.

The system consists of four subsystems: the atmospheric boundary layer observation subsystem (meteorological tower), the sea ice observation subsystem (main buoy), the upper ocean fixed horizon observation subsystem (sub-buoy) and the towed ocean profile observation subsystem. It is planned to use for more than one year.

After the installation of the unmanned ice station, the ice surface is particularly conspicuous except for the weather tower up to 5 meters. The other ice buoys are very low-key. These buoys are connected to many cables and detectors and are "buried" under the ice after successful deployment.

Lei Ruibo explained that the meteorological tower observes the interface flux between the atmosphere and the sea ice; the main buoy observes some parameters of snow and sea ice to understand their growth and ablation processes; the upper ocean fixed horizon The observation subsystem mainly observes the seawater temperature and salinity fixed at 30 meters depth under ice; the towed ocean profile observer can move up and down in the water through cable retraction, and obtain seawater temperature and salinity data of two sections every day. Its maximum dive depth is 120 meters.

Why do you want to design a secondary buoy with a fixed horizon? Rayleigh wave said that the secondary buoy does not need to be exercised, and its sampling frequency can be designed to be higher, such as once an hour. "Because of the limitation of the battery life, it is obviously unrealistic to require the same type of motion observation instrument. It is designed as Exercise twice a day, the sampling frequency is much lower."

Can get data for a whole cycle

Through the above system, continuous observations on the three levels of atmosphere, sea ice and seawater can be realized to obtain a complete data of gas-sea-ice interaction in the process of sea ice growth and ablation.

“In fact, comprehensive observations on the three levels of gas-sea-ice are the core innovations of this system.” Lei Ruibo said that this is the first time that China has successfully deployed the system in the Arctic. The first deployment of a similar system.

The reporter of Beiqing Daily learned that the previous Arctic examinations in China were selected in the summer, and the winter observation data is difficult to obtain. This is equivalent to the lack of observation on the sea ice production process. “Some imported buoys that were deployed in the past can also work in winter, so we don’t have any data in winter, but the parameters of observation are relatively simple, and the richness of data acquisition is far from enough. Through the self-developed system, the atmosphere, The parameters of each flux in the three levels of sea ice and upper ocean are basically included.” Rayleigh wave explained that the system was originally designed to obtain comprehensive and continuous observation data to make up for the missing part.

“If there are no irresistible factors such as ice floes breaking and polar bear destruction, the two systems deployed can be expected to run for more than one year, then you can successfully obtain data for a whole period.” Reibo said that although one or two deployment sites The data is difficult to be directly used for numerical model prediction, but it is enough to show the influence mechanism of the atmosphere, ocean and sunlight on sea ice throughout the year.

Still do not have the conditions to set up someone ice station

Compared with the unmanned ice station, a few countries such as the United States and Russia have also tried to hold ice stations in the Arctic.

“The so-called 'someone ice station', just like our short-term ice station operation, can meet dozens of players at the same time. Some ice stations will last for months or even a year, and the observation projects that they can carry are definitely better than none. The ice station is much richer.” Rui Ruibo said that in general, there are two forms of implementation for ice stations. “One is to use the scientific research ship itself as a platform for long-term duty in the Arctic region. It can be expressed graphically as freezing the ship. In the ice, the team members return to the boat to rest and live after the daily work. In addition, in the winter, the Arctic Ocean sea ice can meet the conditions of the take-off and landing fixed-wing aircraft, then in another mode, the team will build simple houses on the ice. Regular delivery of personnel and supplies by fixed-wing aircraft."

However, no matter which mode, the cost of someone who is on duty will be much higher than that of no one. Lei Ruibo told the reporters of Beiqing Daily that some ice stations are good, but there are still few countries that have conditions for ice station projects. "We have no reason to do some ice stations in the Arctic. There are two main reasons. One is us. At present, the investment in the Arctic scientific research is not so much. Another reason is that we currently only have one scientific research ship with ice-breaking capacity - the Snow Dragon Boat. In addition to the Arctic scientific research, the Snow Dragon Boat will also undertake the Antarctic Scientific Research. Therefore, it is not realistic to make the Snow Dragon boat stay in the Arctic for a long time as a scientific research platform."

Secret

Under what circumstances can I shoot at a polar bear?

Every time the "Nine-North" operation on the ice, there will be several team members who are placed in the deepest part of the ice, and they must not leave the standing position. They are anti-bear members in the Arctic examination. In the process of 9 short-term ice stations and a long-term ice station, in order to ensure foolproof, the bear-proof team members were required to disembark first and finally return to the ship.

Hungry polar bears are easy to attack humans

The “Nine-North” itinerary has already passed halfway. As of press time, the reporter of Beiqing Daily has met with the polar bear three times.

The reporter of Beiqing Daily observed in the telescope that the polar bears were full of body and white hair, and the appearance of "moe" was the consistent evaluation of the players. However, Zhu Jiangang, the head of the anti-bearing work and the leader of the expedition team, reminded that it should not be “blindded” by the appearance of polar bears. “Polar bears can be counted as the top of the food chain in the Arctic region. The predation ability is very strong and the running speed is very fast. Our snowmobiles don't necessarily run out of it. For this reason, in addition to preventing water from falling on the ice, anti-bearing is also the most important safety guarantee."

It is understood that the polar bear has a sensitive sense of smell and can smell the food far away. "Polar bears' favorite food is seals. Generally speaking, it does not like to actively attack humans." Zhu Jiangang said, but because of the reduction of food, polar bears have been in starvation for a long time, and even bears bears, then they attacked. The human risk is higher than ever.

Helicopter and polar bear "cat and mouse game"

Zhu Jiangang told the reporters of Beiqing Daily that from the whole world, the collective disappearance of hundreds of scientific research teams organized by the United Kingdom may be counted as the worst tragedy in the Arctic examination. "Although there is no definite evidence, the industry analysts said that it is very It may be that after being lost, the polar bears were attacked, which eventually led to the expedition of the expedition team."

The Arctic scientific research organized by China has also encountered polar bears. Zhu Jiangang said that the second Arctic expedition had encountered polar bears in the long-term ice station operation. At that time, the players who were preparing to work immediately put down the equipment for hedging, and the helicopters were lifted off to start the driving of the polar bears. . "Polar bears flee from the ice station because they are afraid of helicopters flying at low altitudes. But when the bear was driven, a very interesting thing happened. After running a distance, the polar bear might be physically weak and finally buried his head in the snow. I couldn’t move, I was resigned, but when the helicopter returned and the team members started working again, the polar bear slowly walked towards the ice station, which caused us to stop the expedition again to drive the bears, the helicopter and the polar bear. 'The offensive and defensive' has been repeated several times."

The crew also worked part-time as "anti-bears"

If the use of a helicopter to drive a bear is an "attack" in the anti-bearing process, then organizing an anti-bearing team to stand on duty can be counted as "defense."

Zhu Jiangang said that the "Jiubei" anti-bear team has a total of 15 players, all of whom are part-time, with drivers, sailors and even chefs among them. "The anti-bear team is mainly observing and discovering when standing on duty. After discovering the polar bear, it is necessary to notify the snow dragon boat driver's cab at the first time and organize the expedition team to avoid and evacuate. Among them, the short-term ice station operation time is relatively short and will not be set. The apple house (temporary safe house on the ice), then the team members are evacuated to the Yellow River boat. The long-term ice station has an apple house, and the team members are evacuated to the apple house or returned to the snow dragon boat according to the principle of proximity. The bear team will be able to evacuate after the last expedition of the expedition team is removed. You cannot evacuate yourself first."

The reporter of Beiqing Daily learned that in accordance with the requirements of the anti-bear plan, two anti-bear posts were set up in the short-term ice station operation, and three were set up on the long-term ice station. The short-term ice station needs to take the Yellow River boat to ferry to the ice floes. Therefore, the two anti-bear bears are no longer working shifts during the four or five hours of operation, and the whole station stands guard. Due to the long working hours of the long-term ice station, the anti-bear bear whistle is divided into two shifts in the afternoon and afternoon, and each of the three anti-bear bears is worth one shift.

Players are not allowed to shoot polar bears at will.

"Because of the anti-bear demand, the Polar Research Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources has the qualification to hold guns and guns. Therefore, our anti-bear bears are also armed with guns. But we ask the players not to shoot at the polar bears as a last resort." Wu Jian, deputy political commissar and chief engineer of the Snow Dragon Boat, told the reporters of the Beiqing Daily that the anti-bear team in the Arctic examinations had never used the polar bears to force the military. The purpose of the guns was mainly to prevent accidents.

Wu Jian said that the anti-bearing team's gun regulations are very strict. Even when standing guards, guns and bullets must be separated. Only when the polar bears are found can the magazines be loaded into the guns. When the situation is critical, the guns can be opened. Insurance. "In order to avoid accidental injury, even if it is necessary to shoot, the bear-proof team members should consider the position of themselves, the polar bears and the expedition team members. For example, the expedition team members can't shoot behind the bears, the muzzle and the polar bear. You can't shoot when you have a tester."

Therefore, a hard indicator of the bear-proof team is to obtain a gun certificate. Wu Jian said that when selecting and cultivating anti-bear members, most of them will tend to be young and excellent in vision. After the anti-bear education, the unit will be assigned to the armed police force to learn the use of firearms and obtain a gun certificate. "The snow dragon boat has many crew members." They all came from the army. These crew members are relatively more familiar with the firearms. This is an advantage in the anti-bearing work."

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